European Championships - Host City

Scottish events industry helps cause disruption in the market

George Square during the Glasgow 2018 European Championships

Scotland’s reputation as a global leader for delivering world-class events is stronger than ever following the successful conclusion of the inaugural European Championships that saw the country deliver 11 days of sporting and cultural action with co-hosts Berlin.

For all involved, the European Championships has surpassed expectations and has shown what can be achieved when you are brave, ambitious and innovative.

As a new event there was no manual for how the Championships should be delivered, giving us the opportunity to be bold and find different ways of working; and while there were undoubtable some challenges as we navigated our way down this new path, overall the sector really responded by creating a new delivery model that is causing real disruption within the market.

I believe what has been delivered by co-hosts Glasgow and Berlin, in partnership with the European sports federations and the European Broadcast Union, is a model that is the way forward for sport events in the future.   

With a potential total audience of more than 1.03 billion viewers across the continent, and an even wider audience via multiple digital platforms, the event was shown by more than 40 free-to-air broadcasters across 3000 hours.

Early international TV viewing figures across terrestrial channels were strong across Europe. In Germany and France, more than 3 million viewers tuned in on a single day (Sunday 5th August) to watch the action.

The quality of sport on offer also showed the calibre of the event. From Adam Peaty beating his own world record in the 100m breaststroke, to Grace Reid’s amazing final dive in the 3m springboard final to snatch gold from teammate Alicia Blagg, through to the emergency of new track stars in Dian Asher-Smith and Jakob Ingebrigtsen, the European Championships produced world-class performances across the board.

This shows that bringing existing individual events together, under one umbrella, and creating a mutually beneficial multi-sport event that is shown across multiple media platforms, you can achieve greater reach and impact than when done on their own. 

Co-hosting the event with Berlin was also something very special and new. Co-hosting of events has rarely been done but again I think it is something we will see more and more of going forward. It is a great opportunity for cities and countries to come together and bid for events that otherwise might not have been possible on their own.

We’ve shown time and time again that Scotland’s events industry has the capacity and capability to deliver innovative events that offer a first-class experience for all involved. I’m proud of what we have delivered as an industry for the European Championships. This was an opportunity to build on the momentum we have created off the back of 2014 while being bold and trying something new. As an industry we have learnt a lot and can now take that forward in the delivery of and bidding for future events, ensuring Scotland continues to raise its game and maintain its reputation as the perfect stage for events.

The Moment has arrived – the first ever European Championships gets underway in Glasgow

The Great Big Opening Party took place in Glasgow's George Square on 1st August (Photo: Glasgow 2018)

[Source: Glasgow 2018] A new era of sport has been ushered in as the first ever European Championships begins in Glasgow.

The inaugural day of sport sees qualifying rounds taking place in Track Cycling, at the Sir Chris Hoy Velodrome, Women’s Artistic Gymnastics, at the SSE Hydro, and Rowing at Strathclyde Country Park.

The European Championships are a major innovation in world sport as seven sports bring their existing events together under one banner for the first time.

The next 11 days will see world class athletes in Aquatics, Cycling, Gymnastics, Golf, Rowing and Triathlon competing in Glasgow and Scotland, while Berlin hosts the Athletics.

With 114,505 tickets now gone and with some sessions full, or with just a few tickets remaining, ticket buyers are being urged to hurry to secure the chance to see their favourite Olympic and Commonwealth stars crowned European champions.

Yesterday the unifying symbol of the Championships, the new Winning Nations Trophy, was revealed for the first time. Perfectly designed for teams to be able to lift and carry together in celebration, this will be awarded to the individual country which has secured the most gold medals at the end of the event.

Other firsts we’ll see in the next few days are:

  • Glasgow will create history by becoming the first city to simultaneously host the European Cycling Championships in four different disciplines – Track, Road, BMX and Mountain Bike.
  • Gleneagles will host a groundbreaking golf competition; with men and women playing together for the first time and competing for equal prize money.
  • It is the first time an event on this scale has been delivered using hotel accommodation for competitors, rather than the creation of an athletes’ village.
  • More unusually, it is also the first known time a swimming event will take place on a tennis court – with a 330,000 gallon temporary pool installed at Scotstoun Sports Campus, which hosts the synchronised swimming events.  

Speaking at a press conference this morning, Championships Director Colin Hartley said: “This is the biggest event in the UK since Glasgow hosted the best ever Commonwealth Games in 2014.

“But it’s not just big, it’s truly innovative. By combining these seven sports we elevate the European champions we’ll see crowned in the next few days onto an even higher platform.

“With bigger crowds, a bigger TV audience and more opportunities for people to see their Olympic and Commonwealth heroes, today is the beginning of a new era for sport in Europe.

Jane Allen, Chief Executive of British Gymnastics said: “The 2015 World Championships were declared by FIG as the best ever and raised the bar for the sport so we’re really excited to be back in Glasgow.

“It’s fantastic that the same innovative venue layout and stunning presentation is being used again for the 2018 European Championships and I am sure it is going to be a fabulous week here both for our sport and for the British team.”

Jack Buckner, Chief Executive of British Swimming said: “We are delighted to be part of this outstanding new multi-sport European Championships and I would like to congratulate Glasgow on taking on this significant challenge to host such a ground breaking and complex event.

“We’re going to be using four incredible and unique venues across Scotland and I know they’ll be a great stage for the British Team to put in their best performances.

“This is an extremely important event for British Swimming as we build towards Tokyo 2020 and we have a large team of around 80 athletes here in Scotland across all four disciplines.”

Beth Tweddle Britain’s greatest ever female gymnast said: “It is fantastic to see another world-class event come back to Glasgow which has such a great track record for hosting big events. The World Championships in 2015 were incredible and the fans here in Glasgow are going to be in for another treat with an amazing action packed eight days of gymnastics at The SSE Hydro.”

Glasgow 2018 welcomes CSM Live as Official Provider

[Source: Glasgow 2018] As the Official Provider of Event Look Services, CSM Live will help ensure that the Championships look fantastic and that the experience for fans, competitors and all involved will be one not to forget in a hurry. Their role will see them provide scoping, production, installation and project management of the event look and feel.

Glasgow 2018 European Championships will see some of the continent’s leading sports come together for one innovative multi-sport event which runs from 2 to 12 August. The event includes the existing European Championships for Aquatics, Cycling, Gymnastics, Rowing and Triathlon with a new Golf Team event.

CSM Live approach these Championships with vast experience, having delivered the Look Services, wayfinding and city dressing for the London 2012 Olympic Games and the 2014 Glasgow Commonwealth Games, amongst a number of other global sporting events.

Glasgow 2018 Championships Director Colin Hartley said:

“The Championships are nearly here and the atmosphere is building steadily in the run-up to the first event. The look and feel of the competition and the city branding are a big part of the experience for sports fans, spectators and visitors. We’re looking forward to working with CSM, and all our partners, to make this a vibrant and unforgettable experience”

Chief Executive Officer of CSM Live, Alastair Bewick said:

“We’re excited to be part of the inaugural European Championships, helping bring the event to life in Glasgow this August. It’s all set to be a fantastic new multi-sport event, and we’re looking forward to helping the fans connect with the Championships through the bold look and feel in the venues and across the city.”

CSM Live joins Strathmore, Atos, Gleneagles, Harper Macleod LLP, Avid, NVT, Aggreko, Glasgow Airport, GL events Field and Lawn Ltd., Arco, Adi.tv and Xerox as part of the Glasgow 2018 sponsor family.

Atos appointed Digital Media Provider to Glasgow 2018

[Source: Glasgow 2018] Already an Official Timing, Scoring and Results (TSR) Provider and Proud Supporter of the Championships, Atos will also help deliver a robust digital presence for the event following a competitive tendering process.

Atos will be working in partnership with Edinburgh-based agency Signal to design and develop the Glasgow 2018 and European Championships websites.

Atos will also be responsible for processing and distributing live results for all seven sports across Glasgow and Berlin and delivering live schedule and results pages to help sports fans and attendees access up-to-date information on the Championships.

A 2018 European Championships mobile application will also be created. Available from summer 2018, the ‘app’ will give fans access to medal tables, news and live schedules and results.

Atos and Signal previously combined their expertise and experience to ensure the digital success of the Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games.

To be staged every four years, the European Championships will combine the existing European Championships of Aquatics, Cycling, Gymnastics, Rowing and Triathlon, along with a new Golf Team Championships and Athletics staged in Berlin.

Glasgow 2018 Championships Director Colin Hartley, said: “There are now less than 200 days to go until the biggest sporting event since the Commonwealth Games comes to Glasgow, and Scotland. The first ever European Championships will be a new highlight in the global events calendar.

“Atos has an established track record in delivering digital services to large scale multi-sport events. The integrated online platforms they produce will allow people to keep up to date with the latest action and engage with the Championships, ensuring we deliver a must attend, must watch event.”

Gavin Thomson, Senior Vice President for Big Data and Security UK&I, Scotland, Ireland and Wales at Atos, said: “We are delighted to play a leading role in delivering the 2018 European Championships, having successfully provided leading edge IT solutions for the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow, and the Olympic and Paralympic Games for over 20 years.

“We warmly welcome the opportunity to be part of this new global sporting event and the digital transformation challenge of bringing the Championships to a multi-platform, digital-first worldwide audience. Our bespoke real-time service will enable fans to keep up to date with scores and results from anywhere in the world.”

As part of the inaugural European Championships in 2018 around 3,000 athletes will visit Scotland for six events - Aquatics, Cycling, Golf, Gymnastics, Rowing and Triathlon – while a further 1,500 athletes will compete in Berlin as part of the European Athletics Championships.

Attendances of up to 250,000 are expected at venues across Glasgow and Scotland, with a potential TV audience of up to 1.03billion.

Young people kick off 200-day countdown to Glasgow 2018

18-year-old Glaswegian BMX racer Mia Paton will compete at Glasgow 2018

The biggest sporting event to be staged in Scotland since the Commonwealth Games, the first ever European Championships, gained momentum with a 200 day to go celebration on Sunday 14 January 2018.

Taking place from 2 to 12 August, Glasgow 2018 will see around 3,000 athletes compete in six sports at 12 venues across Scotland. The new multisport event is set to celebrate the country’s young talent and achievers coinciding with the Year of Young People.

During a significant year for sport, 12 venues across Scotland will host 84 sessions across six different sports - Aquatics, Cycling, Golf, Gymnastics, Rowing and Triathlon.

Six ambitious young athletes, representing each of the sports, are looking forward to the spectacular and hope that the profile of Glasgow 2018 will help inspire more young people to get involved in sports.

The rising stars whose sporting ambitions are set to reach new heights in 2018 include 18-year-old Glaswegian BMX racer Mia Paton (pictured) who will benefit from the new Olympic-standard BMX track being built at Knightswood Park, which will host Europe’s best racers during the Championships.

Fraser Lynes, a 14-year-old gymnast from East Ayrshire who studies and trains at Glasgow School of Sport already has a collection of medals to his name, having represented Scotland in the sport several times, and says the Glasgow 2018 action at the SSE Hydro will help encourage more people into gymnastics and demonstrate the benefits of sport.

Troon golfing talent Hazel MacGarvie, 19-year-old University of Edinburgh rower Josh Armstrong, 13-year-old diver Danny Mabbott and 18-year old triathlete Iona Miller from Inverclyde are also full of anticipation for Glasgow 2018 and the momentum it will build within each of their sports.

Cabinet Secretary for Culture, Tourism and External Affairs, Fiona Hyslop said: “2018 marks a milestone year for Scotland. In just 200 days we will make sporting history on the global stage when we host the first ever European Championships and in Scotland’s Year of Young People, celebrate the outstanding spirit and contribution of our young people. The feats of sporting skill and the cultural brilliance showcased at the Championships will inspire the whole country and allow Scotland and its young people to shine on the world stage.”

Leader of Glasgow City Council, Councillor Susan Aitken, said: “The Glasgow 2018 European Championships promises to be a fantastic platform to inspire, engage and celebrate young people – from sports fans and athletes to artists, performers and volunteers. In 200 days Glasgow and Scotland will come alive with an unforgettable display of sport and culture that is a must-attend, must-watch event for 2018.”

The first ever European Championships will bring together some of the continent’s leading sports including the existing European Championships for Aquatics, Cycling, Gymnastics, Rowing and Triathlon with a new Golf Team Championships and Athletics hosted in Berlin.

To be staged every four years, the European Championships will be an 11-day celebration of world-class sport and produce a packed 10-day broadcast schedule, with audiences of up to 1.03 billion.

Aggreko to power the Glasgow 2018 European Championships

Scotland-based Aggreko has today been announced as OfficialTemporary Power Supporter for the Glasgow 2018 European Championships.

A global leader in mobile, modular power generation, the firm will provide both temporary and continuous prime power across the Championships’ competition and non-competition venues.

Aggreko will provide around 60 generators supplying more than 10 Mega Volt Amp (MVA) of energy, distributed through more than 240 panels and 26 km of cable to ensure the successful delivery of 84 thrilling sessions of sport including Open Water Swimming at Loch Lomond and Mountain Biking at Cathkin Braes.

The firm will also help power Festival 2018 – a dynamic cultural programme which will showcase the best in music, visual art, street art, dance, theatre and digital art across the city, with Glasgow’s iconic George Square at its heart.

Temporary power will be used in conjunction with existing venue infrastructure to meet all of the Championship’s power requirements over the 11-day celebration of sport and culture in August 2018.

Having supplied temporary power to the Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games, 2014 Ryder Cup and London 2012 Olympic Games, Aggreko boasts an excellent reputation for powering the biggest global multi-sport events.

2018 will see the firm support PyeongChang Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games and the Gold Coast Commonwealth Games.

Aileen Campbell, Minister for Public Health and Sport, said: “The Glasgow 2018 European Championships provides a fantastic opportunity for Scotland to demonstrate why we have an impeccable reputation for hosting major sporting events. By working with businesses who know exactly what it takes to put on successful international events, we can ensure Glasgow 2018 is a memorable occasion for athletes, officials and fans alike.”

Leader of Glasgow City Council, Councillor Susan Aitken, said: “The latest addition to the Glasgow 2018 sponsor family, Aggreko has helped deliver excellent multi-sport events around the world. Working with a well-known brand with its roots in Scotland will help guarantee the success of the inaugural European Championships.”

Robert Wells, Managing Director, Aggreko Major Events Services, said: “Aggreko is proud to support the first staging of the prestigious Glasgow 2018 European Championships. We look forward to working with the team and Glasgow city to ensure the faultless delivery of power to the Championships. There is no better place to do this than in Scotland.”

In a world first, Glasgow 2018 will bring together some of the continent’s leading sports including the existing European Championships for Aquatics, Cycling, Gymnastics, Rowing and Triathlon with a new Golf Team Championships between 2 – 12 August 2018.

 

Top-class gymnastics action to return to SSE Hydro as part of Glasgow 2018

The SSE Hydro will host Glasgow 2018 gymnastics competition

[Source: Glasgow 2018] The SSE Hydro will once again take centre stage next summer when it hosts the European Artistic Gymnastics Championships as part of the Glasgow 2018 European Championships.

When some of the best gymnasts in the world step up to show their remarkable talents as they aim to strike gold, this city landmark will continue its reputation for attracting the finest competitors and most exciting competitions in the sport.

As a venue for the 2015 World Gymnastics Championships and the 2014 Commonwealth Games, the stunning SSE Hydro has witnessed plenty of special sporting moments over the years and will be the place to be for gymnastics fans when the Championships are in full swing. You can make sure you’re there to see champions crowned by getting your tickets here.

Aside from its record of holding unforgettable sporting events, the SSE Hydro, which has provided a stage for some of the biggest stars of music, has also been recognised by Pollstar as the second busiest live entertainment arena in the world.

But, soon enough, the spotlight will be back on athletes’ show-stopping routines.

Glasgow 2018 sporting ambassador Max Whitlock will be looking to continue a fine record when he returns to Glasgow, after clinching first place in the pommel horse two years ago and a medal haul including three golds at 2014’s Commonwealth Games.

The same event also brought success for Brit Claudia Fragapane, who became the first Englishwoman to win four golds at a single Commonwealth Games in Glasgow.

And Scotland's Dan Keatings was also on the podium, securing a gold and two silvers in front of a home crowd.

Away from the GB stars, the SSE Hydro has also been the location for incredible performances from athletes coming from further afield.

At the Worlds in 2015, Greece’s Eleftherios Petrounias wowed to come out on top in the men’s rings, while, among the other highlights, Romanian favourite Marian Dragulescu, a four-time world champion, took silver on the vault.

With just months to go until Glasgow 2018 gets underway, many of those hoping to write their name in the history books have already had their say on competing somewhere that those in the sport know so well.

Sporting ambassador Max said: “I’m really excited about Glasgow 2018 – it is always great to compete at a multi-sport event and I have always loved it here in Glasgow. The crowd is always amazing and give you that extra lift. It can make such a difference to your performance out there on the podium.

“I witnessed that first-hand during the 2014 Commonwealth Games and again at the World Championships the following year. So I have no doubt that Glasgow 2018 will be a huge success.”

Claudia also can’t wait to return to a venue that holds special memories.

She said: “The atmosphere was just breath-taking. There was a lot of pressure because everyone wanted us to do well. We wanted to do well and we knew we could do it so to get that massive roar from the crowd helped us with each performance. It will be amazing to go back to Glasgow – the city has such a special place in my heart.”

And Nile Wilson, who won team silver in the 2015 World Championships in Glasgow, added: “The SSE Hydro has hosted some of the greatest moments of my career. The home support really, really does make a difference. And obviously we’re now looking forward to next year’s European Championships and I’m really excited at the prospect of competing once again in Glasgow.”

Glasgow 2018 European Championships highlights opportunities for businesses across Scotland

The Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games was hailed as the best ever (Photo: Host City)

[Source: Glasgow 2018] Scottish businesses account for 70 per cent of registrations for future procurement opportunities through the Glasgow 2018 European Championships with more than 538 registrations to date.

During the next few months, a further 17 tendering contracts each with a value of over £50,000 will be available to businesses who have registered with www.publiccontractsscotland.gov.uk, covering a range of services including ground transport, media operations, audio visual systems and sports equipment.

The number of businesses already registered on www.publiccontractsscotland.gov.uk for future opportunities include 386 Scottish companies classed as micro or small buwsinesses and 127 Glasgow-based businesses.

The multi-sport event has already awarded nine procurement opportunities covering a total value of £16,500,000.

To be staged every four years, the Glasgow 2018 European Championships will combine the existing European Championships of Athletics, Aquatics, Cycling, Gymnastics, Rowing and Triathlon along with a new Golf team championships. The first edition will be held in August 2018, between 2 and 12 August, in a unique sporting partnership between Host Cities Glasgow and Berlin. Tickets are now on sale at www.glasgow2018.com

Glasgow 2018 European Championships have been working the Supplier Development Programme (SDP) to maximise opportunities for businesses in the city and Scotland. SDP works closely with suppliers to get them tender ready so they have the best possible chance of winning contracts by offering free information, support and information events.

Minister for Public Health and Sport Aileen Campbell said: “This new multi-sport event is the next big thing on the events calendar for Glasgow and Scotland following the best ever Commonwealth Games in 2014.

“Scotland’s visitor economy is worth £11 billion. Staging the 2018 European Championships aligns perfectly with and builds upon Scotland’s national events strategy, Scotland the Perfect Stage.

“We are committed to ensuring this major event provides opportunities for businesses in Glasgow and across Scotland by opening up new audiences and markets.”

Councillor Susan Aitken, Leader of Glasgow City Council, said: “The Glasgow 2018 European Championships is already providing big opportunities for businesses in the city and across Scotland – and that will continue over the next year and right up until the start of the event.

“Staging Glasgow 2018 will also undoubtedly boost the city’s global profile as a visitor destination, at a time when almost 30,000 people are employed in tourism and related industries. In 2014, the Commonwealth Games helped attract 2.7 million visitors to Glasgow, generating £687 million for the local economy.”

Sponsorship opportunities that will give businesses the right to associate with the event and receive a rights and benefits package are available. Businesses interested in sponsorship opportunities can find out more by visiting www.glasgow2018.com or contacting the sponsorship team at info@europeanchampionships.com

For more information about Supplier Development Programme (SDP), please visit https://www.sdpscotland.co.uk

[Source: Glasgow 2018]

Glasgow to host European Short Course Swimming Championships 2019

The Championships will take place in Tollcross International Swimming Centre between 4-8 December 2019

Ligue Européenne de Natation (LEN) has announced Glasgow has been successful in its bid to host the European Short Course Swimming Championships 2019.

Delivered in partnership by Glasgow Life on behalf of Glasgow City Council, EventScotland, British Swimming and UK Sport, the Championships will take place in Tollcross International Swimming Centre between 4-8 December 2019.

The biennial event, which was last held in the UK in 1998 in Sheffield, will see athletes from all across Europe make their way to Glasgow to compete in 40 short course (25metre) swimming events.

Paul Bush OBE, VisitScotland’s Director of Events, said: “I am delighted Scotland has been awarded the European Short Course Swimming Championships 2019. This is a fantastic event and a great addition to our already impressive calendar of swimming events taking place in the coming years including the 2018 European Championships in Glasgow and the European Junior Championships in Aberdeen in 2020.

“Scotland is the perfect stage for events and securing this bid shows the true legacy provided by the 2014 Commonwealth Games and the Glasgow 2018 European Championships. EventScotland, together with the other bid partners, looks forward to working closely with LEN to deliver a truly memorable Championships.

Ian Hooper, Glasgow Life’s Director of Sport, said: “Glasgow has a strong reputation for delivering successful swimming events, including the IPC World Swimming Championships 2015, and Duel in the Pool 2013.

“This event will leave a lasting legacy for Glasgow, inspiring a new generation of swimmers and encouraging young people to make the most of our free swimming initiative. It will also provide an early legacy success from Glasgow hosting the 2018 European Championships.

“As one of the top five sporting cities in the world, we are confident our experience in delivering world-class events, and our close relationship with partners, will help us ensure the European Short course Swimming Championships 2019 is a hugely successful and stand-out event.”

British Swimming Chief Executive, David Sparkes, said: “This is a really important Championships which will be the last event of 2019 – the year before the Olympics in Tokyo.

“We’re delighted that it will be held in Glasgow, following the successful bid and efforts of all partners, and we will be looking forward to seeing some strong performances as new talent emerges on the eve of the Olympic Games.”

Simon Morton, Chief Operating Officer of UK Sport, said: “We are delighted that the UK has been chosen to stage the European Short Course Swimming Championships in 2019. Hosting this event following the incredible success of Team GB in the pool in Rio will allow spectators to see world-class athletes in action before the Tokyo Olympics in 2020.

“This event forms part of a UK-wide series of major international events supported by UK Sport, backed by National Lottery funding, to inspire the nation.”

The European Short Course Swimming Championships 2019 builds on the bid partners existing strong partnership with LEN, working together to deliver the Glasgow 2018 European Championships and the European Junior Championships for swimming and diving in Aberdeen in 2020.

Source: EventScotland

FarrPoint to make sure Glasgow 2018 European Championships are match ready

Independent specialist in telecoms and information technology FarrPoint has been appointed by Glasgow City Council to advise on the internet connectivity and telecommunications networks for the forthcoming Glasgow 2018 European Championships – an exciting new multi-sport event that brings together the continent’s leading sporting competitions
The technology consultants will ensure that the best solutions are chosen and implemented to provide the event with vital wired and wireless Internet services, telephony and broadcast connectivity.
FarrPoint has expertise in specialist broadband, infrastructure and telecommunications networks, having worked across the UK on connectivity projects with both the private and public sectors including previous work on several major international sporting events.
FarrPoint CEO, Andrew Muir, said: “It is essential that events such as the European Championships have the right technology in place from the outset. The network needs to meet the demands and stresses that will be put on it by a large number of diverse users. The correct infrastructure and connectivity is vital in ensuring that the event runs smoothly and meets the expectations of not only the organisers and competitors but the public and the media too. We are delighted to have been appointed to advise on the project.”
As one of the world’s top five sporting cities Glasgow is known across the globe for hosting major international sporting events. It will take the next step on its proud sporting journey in the summer of 2018 when around 3,000 athletes compete in the Championships in front of a potential TV audience of up to 1.03 billion.
The partnership with FarrPoint, who have a proven track record for delivering large-scale projects, will ensure that a robust technology solution is in place to meet the demands of everyone involved in the Championships.
Glasgow 2018 will be staged in August 2018 as part of the inaugural European Championships with athletes competing in six events across Scotland – cycling, aquatics, golf, gymnastics, rowing and triathlon. A further 1500 will compete in Berlin, which will host the athletics part of the event.  
FarrPoint is an independent consultancy based in Edinburgh advising organisations throughout the UK on telecoms, IT and technology.

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